This is a plain English summary of an original research article. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and reviewer(s) at the time of publication.
Emergency admissions may be an appropriate time to start advance care planning for older people. New research found that people over 70 generally welcomed these discussions in hospital.
Advance care planning allows people to think and talk about the care they would like to receive, including in their final months of life. These discussions are particularly important for older people. They may cover emotional and practical issues around death and dying, and can include treatments that people do not want to have. However, health and social care professionals may feel reluctant to start discussions.
In this study, researchers wanted to find out if admission for emergency care is an acceptable time to start advance care planning discussions. They explored the views of a group of people over 70 who were admitted for an emergency stay in hospital. They also looked at rates of death after an emergency admission in people over 70.
They found that, like a previous study in Scotland, around 1 in 5 people over 70 die within a year of an emergency admission. Advance care planning was generally welcomed by the people in this study, who valued the expertise of clinicians in planning future care.
The work shows that emergency admissions could serve as a trigger for starting advance care planning discussions for people over 70. The team hopes that the work will prompt health and social care professionals to initiate discussions with confidence, knowing that they help guide patients.
Further information on advance care planning is available on the NHS website.
What’s the issue?
People in the last months or years of life have the right to express their wishes about the care they would like to receive. They need to be able to understand how their disease is progressing, what their treatment options are, and where they could be cared for. Good end of life care is tailored to the person who needs it. That person, and those close to them, should be at the centre of all decisions.
Advance care planning is a series of discussions involving the person, those close to them and the staff caring for them. An individual plan of care should be agreed, and written down. It can cover any aspect of future health or social care and should be updated as circumstances change.
The national health agenda has included advance care planning for more than 10 years. It can be started at any point, but is particularly recommended when someone is believed to have one year or less to live. But many professionals are reluctant, or confused about when to initiate advance care planning.
This study explored whether emergency admissions in patients over 70 years would be an appropriate time for these discussions. It examined how likely people aged 70 and over are to die within a year of an emergency admission. The research team also sought patients’ views of advance care planning.
What’s new?
The study included 14,260 emergency admissions for people aged 70 and over. Their admissions to the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust occurred in 2014-2015. The researchers also looked at records of deaths for the following year (2015-2016).
The study found that, among this group of people over 70 who had been admitted to hospital as an emergency:
-
- one in five (22.6%) died in the 12 months following the admission
- most (59%) deaths occurred within 3 months of the admission
- increasing age increased the chances of death within 12 months
- men over 70 were more likely to die within 12 months than women of the same age.
The team went on to interview 20 people who were admitted to hospital as an emergency. They asked people for their views on advance care plans. Three key findings were reported.
1. Benefits to health and wellbeing: interviewees felt that advance care planning with family and health and social care professionals could improve their physical and emotional wellbeing. They saw practical benefits in discussing the monitoring and care they would receive for a long-term illness, plus the help they could ask for in a crisis.
“I think everybody would want to know their prognosis and I think the doctors should tell them… they can get in touch with their family and tell them… so they can all get together… they’ve only got six months to live, they can sort their plans out… so when they pop off, they think, ‘I’ve done everything, I’ve looked after everybody… now I can go with ease’.” Mrs. WP
2. Contemplation of physical decline and death: interviewees said that advance care planning prompted them to think about their physical deterioration. It helped them accept a life-limiting diagnosis. The discussions helped them prepare for the end of life. This included planning their funeral and reflecting on mortality.
“I’m sure he wouldn’t want his life prolonged more any longer because there was no hope, and we agreed to let him fade away and I feel I did the right thing…” Mrs. R
3. Collaboration with health and social care professionals: interviewees recognised the expertise of various professionals including GPs, hospital staff and multidisciplinary teams. Some people would prefer to have these conversations with professionals rather than their families.
“I’d rather have a doctor explain to me what the situation was, and I’d go along with them, you know what I mean?” Mrs. B
Why is this important?
The work shows that around 1 in 5 (22.6%) people aged over 70 years with an emergency admission to hospital are in their last year of life. This figure is similar to that found in previous studies. The authors suggest that emergency admissions should trigger advance care planning for people over 70 years.
The researchers hope this work will normalise advance care planning. They would like health and social care professionals to see it as a process rather than a one-off conversation.
The study found that most people over 70 would be expected to live for more than a year. The team said that for these people, the discussions could be about their future health and wellbeing. They stressed that advance care planning is a spectrum and is not just about end of life care.
The study emphasises the need to share electronic care plans across different settings such as hospital, primary care, or hospice. This would help ensure that advance care plans are acted upon. People should be able to access their own care plans.
What’s next?
The current work aimed to raise awareness of, normalise, and find an appropriate trigger for advance care planning. The team hopes the study will give health and social care professionals the confidence to raise advance care planning with patients.
People who are expected to live less than a year could have a frailty assessment by a geriatrician. This assessment could guide advance care planning.
This study has some limitations. Older people were open to advance care planning, but not all those approached agreed to be interviewed. It is possible that those who refused the interview were less open to advance care planning. In addition, it focused on the number of emergency admissions; some patients might have been admitted to hospital more than once. And the study was carried out at a single trust hospital. It would be useful to ask people in other areas their views on advance care planning.
You may be interested to read
This NIHR Alert is based on: Bielinska AM, and others. Advance care planning in older hospitalised patients following an emergency admission: a mixed methods study. PLoS ONE 2021;16:3
NHS ‘Coordinate my care’: an NHS service that builds medical care around the wishes of each patient.
Advance care planning information from the charity Marie Curie.
Treatment and care towards the end of life: good practice in decision making - guidance for clinicians from the General Medical Council.
A paper exploring the uptake of advance care planning: Knight T, and others. Advance care planning in patients referred to hospital for acute medical care: Results of a national day of care survey. EClinicalMedicine 2020;19:100235
A paper looking at the views of advance care planning in caregivers of older hospitalised patients: Bielinska AM, and others. Views of advance care planning in caregivers of older hospitalised patients following an emergency admission: a qualitative study. Journal of Health Psychology 2021; doi: 10.1177/1359105320926547
Funding: This work was supported by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre.
Conflicts of Interest: One author is clinical lead for the NHS service ‘Coordinate my Care’, another is supported by a grant from the same service.
Disclaimer: NIHR Alerts are not a substitute for professional medical advice. They provide information about research which is funded or supported by the NIHR. Please note that views expressed in NIHR Alerts are those of the author(s) and reviewer(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.
