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NICE recommend calcium-based phosphate binding medicines for people with chronic kidney disease, however, new research suggests non-calcium based alternatives might lead to a lower risk of death.
The review is best viewed alongside other reviews which look at different aspects of chronic kidney disease. The totality of research and cost effectiveness will need to be considered if practice recommendations are to change.
In this review, calcium-based phosphate binders were associated with increased risk of death compared with non-calcium alternatives, but there was no difference in the risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalisation. Effects of these agents on mortality need to be weighed up along with their effects on bone and heart disease. The extent of any reduction in mortality associated with use of phosphate binders compared to placebo is also assessed in another review (Palmer et al).
NICE guidance from 2013 on this topic is due for review in 2017.
Why was this study needed?
About one in five men and one in four women aged 65 to 74 have some degree of chronic kidney disease, a long-term condition where the kidneys are not able to filter waste products from the blood effectively.
As kidneys begin to lose their function phosphate levels in the blood may increase. The phosphate binds to calcium which is slowly lost from bone, which increases fracture risk, and deposits in the blood vessels, which raises the risk of heart attacks.
Phosphate levels may be lowered by reducing intake in the diet or by using agents to bind phosphate in the gut and reduce its absorption.
Many phosphate binding medicines are available but it is not clear which works best.
This review gathered relevant trial evidence that compared impact of treatments on death rates from all causes, death rates from heart disease or hospital admission due to any cause.
What did this study do?
This systematic review searched for published trials comparing phosphate binders with a control group of phosphorus-restricted diet, placebo or no intervention. It found 28 moderate-to-low-quality trials lasting a minimum of four weeks including 8,335 adults.
Phosphate binders fell into two groups: calcium-based phosphate binders (calcium acetate, calcium citrate or calcium carbonate), and non-calcium-based phosphate binders (sevelamer hydrochloride, sevelamer carbonate, lanthanum carbonate, sucroferric oxyhydroxide and ferric citrate).
The researchers pooled results from head-to-head trials in standard meta-analysis and also made indirect comparisons across trials using network meta-analysis. This latter type of meta-analysis is informative, but generally less precise than when treatments are directly compared.
The analysis grouped together individual medicines, for example all calcium-based options, which may mask important differences between them. For instance the approach might disguise differences between calcium acetate and calcium carbonate.
What did it find?
- Risk of death from any cause was higher with calcium-based phosphate binders compared with sevelamer (relative risk [RR] 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 3.50, moderate quality evidence, network meta-analysis), and compared with all non-calcium-based phosphate binders as a group (RR 1.76, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.56, moderate quality evidence, standard meta-analysis).
- There was no difference in cardiovascular deaths between calcium and non-calcium-based phosphate binders (RR 2.54, 95% CI, 0.67 to 9.62, low quality evidence, standard meta-analysis).
- There was no difference in hospitalisations between calcium and non-calcium-based phosphate binders (RR 1.28, 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.74, moderate quality evidence, standard meta-analysis).
What does current guidance say on this issue?
NICE guidance from 2013 on management of high phosphate levels in adults with advanced chronic kidney disease (stage 4 or 5) recommends calcium acetate as the medication of choice to control phosphate levels, alongside dietary management.
If calcium acetate is not tolerated or patients find it unpalatable, calcium carbonate is recommended second-line. Switching to a non-calcium-based binder is recommended if calcium drugs are not tolerated, blood calcium gets too high or parathyroid levels get too low.
What are the implications?
This review suggests calcium-based phosphate binders might raise the risk of death from all causes compared to non-calcium-based phosphate binders. This needs to be considered alongside their beneficial effects on bone and blood vessels.
Recommendations by NICE consider cost effectiveness, which is not assessed in this review: non-calcium phosphate binders are currently much more expensive but this may change when these agents lose their patent protection. If the quality of the underlying evidence has improved, this and the reviews (Palmer et al and Jamal et al) may inform the next update of NICE guidance which is due by June 2017.
Citation and Funding
Sekercioglu N, Thabane L, Díaz Martínez JP, et al. Comparative effectiveness of phosphate binders in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156891.
This review reported no specific funding for the work.
Bibliography
NHS Choices. Chronic kidney disease. London: Department of Health; 2015.
NICE. Hyperphosphataemia in chronic kidney disease Management of hyperphosphataemia in patients with stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease. CG157. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2013 (see also Tools and resources).
NICE. Management of hyperphosphataemia. Appendix F Full health economic report. CG157. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2013.
Jamal SA, Vandermeer B, Raggi P, et al. Effect of calcium-based versus non-calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2013;382(9900):1268-77.
Palmer S, Gardner S, Tonelli M, et al. Phosphate-binding agents in adults with CKD: a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J of Kidney Dis. 2016;68(5):691-702.
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