This is a plain English summary of an original research article. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and reviewer(s) at the time of publication.
Tests carried out on mobile units parked in supermarket car parks were a popular and effective way to check the lungs of at-risk current and former smokers in a study in Manchester.
Simple tests of lung function in these mobile units found more than a third of those screened had evidence of airflow obstruction. This is a sign of the common breathing disorder, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Half of those with airflow obstruction had no previous diagnosis of COPD, which is a serious health problem in its own right and also a risk factor for lung cancer. These people were invited to follow up their results with their GP.
The results of the Manchester study are so encouraging that the lung screening scheme has been expanded locally and extended to other parts of England.
What’s the issue?
Lung cancer is the world’s biggest cause of cancer death, partly because those most at risk are least likely to report with symptoms. Patients are often diagnosed only when their disease is advanced and incurable.
Lung cancer screening could help catch the disease earlier. But there are concerns that a UK screening programme would be too expensive and would not reach the patients who need it most. This includes older smokers from more deprived backgrounds who can be reluctant to take part in screening.
What’s new?
The research was part of a preliminary study to check whether screening for lung cancer is feasible. Between 2016 and 2018, thousands of current and former smokers from more deprived communities in Manchester made and kept appointments for lung health checks.
The checks took place in convenient locations such as in supermarket car parks. Trained nurses gave patients spirometry tests, which involve breathing out into a tube to measure lung function.
Among those who took a spirometry test:
- almost all (99%) successfully performed the test
- just over a third (37%) had evidence of airflow obstruction
- almost one in five (19%) had evidence of airflow obstruction but no previous diagnosis of COPD
- one in ten (10%) were likely to have undiagnosed COPD with symptoms
- almost as many (9%) had airflow obstruction without symptoms.
Why is this important?
The study shows that COPD can be detected in a community-based screening programme. Many of the participants were older men from deprived communities, who are often missed by healthcare initiatives.
The World Health Organization projects that deaths attributable to COPD will increase by up to 30% over the next decade and become the third largest cause of death across the globe. In the Manchester study, significant numbers of the most at-risk people had COPD symptoms identified for the first time. Follow up appointments and treatment are expected to help many of them.
Beyond these immediate health benefits, the study adds to the evidence that at-risk people will turn up for lung cancer screening in the community. It could encourage policy makers to set up comprehensive lung cancer screening programmes.
Identifying and treating COPD in thousands of people also has economic benefits, because it could avoid subsequent lengthy hospital treatment. The study suggests that simple spirometry tests performed as part of a lung cancer screening programme could potentially reduce future costs.
What’s next?
Follow up studies are tracking the health of the participants in Manchester found to have symptoms of previously undiagnosed COPD. Researchers hope to demonstrate links between the lung health checks and improved healthcare outcomes.
The positive results of this preliminary study convinced Manchester Health and Care Commissioning group to offer lung health checks across the city. The expanded £4.2 million service went live from April 2019. Almost 10,000 people have already been seen, most from deprived communities. NHS England have now set out plans for £70 million funding to rollout similar screening programmes at 10 sites across the country.
The results will feed into the ongoing debate – among academics, healthcare officials, the public and policy makers – about whether the UK and other countries should set up a national lung cancer screening programme.
You may be interested to read
The full study: Balata H, and others. Spirometry performed as part of the Manchester community-based lung cancer screening programme detects a high prevalence of airflow obstruction in individuals without a prior diagnosis of COPD. Thorax 2020
The thinking behind lung health checks is explained at: Crosbie PA, and others. Implementing lung cancer screening: baseline results from a community-based 'Lung Health Check' pilot in deprived areas of Manchester. Thorax. 2019;74:405-409
Lung health checks identify other diseases: Balata H, and others. Targeted lung cancer screening selects individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Lung Cancer 2018;124:148-153
Community locations are preferred to hospital settings: Balata, H and others: Attendees of Manchester’s Lung Health Check pilot express a preference for community-based lung cancer screening. Thorax 2019;74:1176-1178
Funding: This study was funded by Macmillan Cancer Improvement Partnership. It was supported by the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre.
Conflicts of Interest: The study authors declare no conflicts of interest. Richard Lee is part of the leadership team for NHS England TLHC Program.
Disclaimer: Summaries on NIHR Evidence are not a substitute for professional medical advice. They provide information about research which is funded or supported by the NIHR. Please note that the views expressed are those of the author(s) and reviewer(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.
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