This is a plain English summary of an original research article. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and reviewer(s) at the time of publication.
People who take steroids to treat long-term inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular disease.
New research found that the risk of cardiovascular disease increases with the dose and duration of steroid treatment. A surprising finding was that even low daily doses increase the risk.
There are few effective treatment options for many inflammatory diseases. Even so, this study suggests that doctors should seek to prescribe the minimum effective dose for the shortest time.
The researchers also suggest that people taking steroids, even those on low doses, would benefit from regular monitoring and extra support to reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease. With the help of their GP, many people may be able to reduce their risk through lifestyle changes such as stopping smoking or losing weight.
What’s the issue?
Glucocorticoids are steroids that are commonly prescribed to treat a range of long-term inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. About 1 in 100 people take this medication to reduce inflammation and other symptoms. For some of these diseases, treatment options are limited.
One known risk of glucocorticoids is that long-term use in high doses may increase a person’s chance of developing cardiovascular disease, including heart disease and stroke. Before this study, the impact of low to moderate doses was less clear.
The researchers assessed the cardiovascular disease risk in people with six inflammatory diseases taking lower doses of glucocorticoids.
What’s new?
The researchers analysed the medical records of 87,794 patients treated in 389 primary care practices in the UK between 1998 and 2017. They were 56 years’ old on average and had all been diagnosed with one or more of six inflammatory diseases. These long-term diseases affect different parts of the body and can be debilitating.
The six diseases and some typical symptoms are:
-
- rheumatoid arthritis (pain and stiffness of joints)
- inflammatory bowel disease (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhoea)
- giant cell arteritis (headache, jaw pain and vision problems)
- polymyalgia rheumatica (pain and stiffness often in shoulders and hips; tiredness, and low mood)
- lupus (joint pain, tiredness and skin rashes)
- vasculitis (skin rash; more seriously, problems with heart, kidney and other organs).
None of the people in the study had cardiovascular disease when they were first treated for their inflammatory disease.
The researchers assessed their risk of six common cardiovascular diseases. They considered:
-
- atrial fibrillation (irregular heart beat)
- heart failure (heart is unable to pump blood properly)
- heart attack
- stroke and other diseases affecting blood vessels supplying the brain
- peripheral arterial disease (reduced blood flow to leg muscles)
- abdominal aortic aneurysm (swelling in the aorta, the main blood vessel leaving the heart).
Most glucocorticoid prescriptions (96%) were for prednisolone. The study found that the risk of developing all six cardiovascular diseases increased with higher daily dose and duration of prednisolone. This increased risk was present even at a low dose of 5 mg/day.
After a year of treatment:
-
- people taking a daily dose of less than 5 mg prednisolone had twice their original risk of developing cardiovascular disease
- people taking daily doses of 25 mg or more had six times their original risk of developing cardiovascular disease (increased from 1.4% to 8.9%).
Why is this important?
A low daily dose of prednisolone (5 mg or less) was previously believed to be safe long-term. This study suggests that prednisolone increases the risk of a range of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular diseases. It concludes that this risk increases with the dose and duration of steroid treatment. People on high doses develop a risk similar to those with diabetes.
The findings highlight how important it is for primary care clinicians to prescribe patients the minimal effective dose of steroids for the shortest duration of time.
The researchers call on GPs to regularly monitor and help reduce cardiovascular risk for patients taking glucocorticoids, even those on low doses. Many people may be able to reduce their risk by making lifestyle changes such as stopping smoking or losing weight.
The researchers stress that people currently taking glucocorticoids should not suddenly stop taking them. This can lead to life-threatening complications or flare-ups in their condition. Anyone concerned with taking this medication should speak to their doctor.
What’s next?
Tools for scoring cardiovascular risk do not take into account glucocorticoid dose. Refining methods of risk prediction may help doctors identify which patients would benefit from taking steps to reduce their risk.
The study highlights the need for new treatment approaches for long-term inflammatory diseases. These should avoid or minimise long-term glucocorticoid treatment and have less effect on the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. When new potential therapies are identified, their benefits and risks need to be compared to those resulting from glucocorticoid treatment.
Further research is needed into why glucocorticoids appear to have a negative impact on the cardiovascular system.
You may be interested to read
The full paper: Pujades-Rodríguez M, and others. Dose-dependent oral glucocorticoid cardiovascular risks in people with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a population-based cohort study. PLoS Medicine 2020;17:e1003432
A paper by the same research group about Type 2 diabetes and glucocorticoid use: Wu J, and others. Glucocorticoid dose-dependent risk of type 2 diabetes in six immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a population-based cohort analysis. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 2020;8:e001220
A paper by the same group about hypertension and glucocorticoid use: Mebrahtu TF, and others. Oral glucocorticoids increase the risk of hypertension in people with chronic inflammatory diseases: findings from a population-based cohort study in England. CMAJ 2020;192
Funding: This research was supported by the NIHR Leeds In Vitro Diagnostics Cooperative (NIHR Leeds MIC) and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Leeds.
Conflicts of Interest: One of the authors has received grants and personal fees from pharmaceutical companies. Another author is employed by IQVIA.
Disclaimer: Summaries on NIHR Evidence are not a substitute for professional medical advice. They provide information about research which is funded or supported by the NIHR. Please note that the views expressed are those of the author(s) and reviewer(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.
NIHR Evidence is covered by the creative commons, CC-BY licence. Written content and infographics may be freely reproduced provided that suitable acknowledgement is made. Note, this licence excludes comments and images made by third parties, audiovisual content, and linked content on other websites.
