This is a plain English summary of an original research article. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and reviewer(s) at the time of publication.
The sit-to-stand test, which requires only a chair and a stopwatch, could identify patients with a common lung disease who are at high risk of being admitted to hospital. Researchers found that the test, which takes less than five minutes to perform, also predicted the length of their hospital stay.
The study looked at patients with a condition called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which means they have long-term breathing difficulties. COPD is punctuated with flare-ups – called exacerbations – during which patients experience worsening of symptoms such as breathlessness, productive cough, chest infection and wheezing. Many will need hospital treatment, and a longer hospital stay is linked with a higher risk of death.
In the sit-to-stand test, patients are simply timed as they stand up and sit back down again. The researchers found the test was almost as effective as more time-consuming and complicated assessments. They say the test could provide an easy, low cost and effective way to better identify patients with COPD with the highest risk of exacerbations.
What’s the issue?
Figures from the NHS show that more than 128,000 patients in the UK were admitted to hospital for COPD exacerbations in 2016-17. The vast majority (97%) were unscheduled emergencies. Aside from increasing costs for the healthcare system, 4.3% of these patients died in hospital, with a further 2.8% dying within one month of discharge.
Identifying these high-risk patients with COPD could help inform clinical decision-making and target interventions. Interventions that may reduce the risk of exacerbation include vaccination, optimisation of inhaled therapies and exercise-based therapies.
The BODE Index, which includes the six-minute walk test (6MWT), is a physical performance assessment that can predict long-term outcomes for patients with COPD. However, the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) 2018 guidelines recommend against its use in primary care because it is time-intensive and challenging to carry out.
This study aimed to identify alternative and simpler assessments to identify COPD patients at risk of flare-ups. These include the short physical performance battery (SPPB), which is widely used to assess the health of elderly people.
What’s new?
Hospital data from 714 patients with stable COPD, who were taking part in the long-term observational ERICA study, were analysed. The researchers looked at several physical performance measurements, including the SPPB and its three individual components (walking speed, balance, and five repetitions of sit-to-stand), and the 6MWT. They estimated how well these measures predicted patients’ risk of hospitalisation due to COPD flare-up, and the length of their hospital stay.
Over five years, 291 of the 714 patients were admitted to hospital because of a flare-up. Some were admitted more than once; there were 762 of these hospitalisations in all. The researchers found that:
- a worse SPPB performance was linked with a higher risk of hospitalisation for COPD exacerbation and an increased length of stay
- the SPPB and sit-to-stand test were easier to carry out than the 6MWT and performed almost as well in predicting the risk of hospitalisation for COPD exacerbation
- the SPPB, and sit-to-stand component, performed as well as the 6MWT in predicting the length of hospital stay in these patients.
Why is this important?
This study suggests that the SPPB, or its sit-to-stand component as a standalone, is a quick, simple and practical way of carrying out risk assessments of patients with COPD in primary and secondary care settings.
These tests could provide a practical alternative to the 6MWT to aid decision-making for individual patients. The sit-to-stand component can be performed almost anywhere in less than five minutes. This would be much easier to implement in the clinic, where professionals are short of time, than the 6MWT – which takes around 30 minutes and requires access to a flat, uninterrupted 30m track.
This simple way to assess risk could help doctors to ensure that patients with COPD receive appropriate interventions to help prevent lengthy hospital stays, potentially reducing their risk of death.
What’s next?
The authors propose that the sit-to-stand test should be adopted as a routine measure in the care pathway for patients with COPD, potentially as part of the annual COPD review. They say its use can help identify at-risk patients and facilitate better-informed resource planning.
If the results can be replicated in larger cohorts and/or different geographical populations over longer follow-up periods, the researchers hope that the current guidelines will be updated to recommend that clinicians use this approach to identify patients with COPD at greater risk of hospitalisation, enabling prompt intervention.
Research on COPD exacerbations is part of a current James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership, which is prioritising further research focussing on preventing and managing COPD exacerbations.
You may be interested to read
The full paper: Fermont JM, and others. Risk assessment for hospital admission in patients with COPD; a multi-centre UK prospective observational study. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0228940
Fermont JM, and others. Short physical performance battery as a practical tool to assess mortality risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Age and Ageing. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/
Hopkinson NS, and others. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: diagnosis and management: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ. 2019;366:l4486
Kon SS, and others. Gait speed and readmission following hospitalisation for acute exacerbations of COPD: a prospective study. Thorax. 2015;70:1131‐1137
Funding: This work was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centres at Cambridge and Nottingham, Health Data Research UK, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), and Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland).
Conflicts of Interest: GlaxoSmithKline was involved in the funding of this research.
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