This is a plain English summary of an original research article. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and reviewer(s) at the time of publication.
Type 2 diabetes is not a single disease. This was shown in 2018 when doctors in Scandinavia identified several sub-groups of type 2 diabetes in their population. Each sub-group has distinct characteristics and may respond to different treatments.
Now, researchers have discovered different sub-groups among people in India. Their study included more than 19,000 people with type 2 diabetes. The researchers identified four sub-groups, two of which were linked to an especially high risk of kidney and eye disease.
People of Indian heritage are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and at a younger age, than people from other backgrounds. This research could allow people with the highest risk of complications to be offered more intense treatment. It will prompt research to discover which treatments work best for people in each group. The findings are relevant to people of Indian heritage in the UK.
What’s the issue?
Worldwide, the number of people with diabetes has been rising for decades and now stands at 463 million. Nine in ten have type 2 diabetes and are unable to process glucose (sugar) in the blood.
Insulin is the hormone which controls the amount of glucose in the blood. In type 2 diabetes, glucose levels are high either because the body can no longer use insulin (insulin resistance) or is unable to produce enough (insulin deficiency).
People of Indian heritage are prone to getting diabetes at younger ages and lower body weights. This could be because of differences in how the disease develops in this population, compared to others. The risks of complications, and responses to treatments, might also differ.
This research was intended to look for sub-groups of diabetes patients in the Indian population and compare them to the sub-groups found recently in Scandinavian populations.
What’s new?
Researchers gathered data about 19,084 patients from diabetes centres in nine states across India. They found they could group patients into four clusters, or sub-groups, by considering eight factors: age at diagnosis, body mass index (BMI), waist measurement, HbA1c (a measure of average glucose concentration in the blood over time), fasting blood glucose, triglycerides (fats), HDL (‘good’) cholesterol levels in the blood, and C-peptide levels (a measure of how much insulin is produced).
In addition, researchers looked to see if people had signs of damage to the retina of the eye (retinopathy) or signs of kidney disease caused by diabetes.
In each of the four sub-groups, people with similar factors had similar outcomes. The subgroups were:
- Severe insulin deficient diabetes. People in this group had a lower BMI and waist measurement, but they produced least insulin and had highest average glucose concentration. One in four (26.2%) people were in this cluster, which had one of the highest risks of complications.
- Insulin resistant obese diabetes. People in this group had the highest BMI and waist measurement, and they produced most insulin. One in four (25.9%) people were in this cluster.
- Combined insulin resistant and deficient diabetes. People in this group were youngest when diagnosed, had BMI and waist measurements that were between groups 1 and 2, and produced insulin at levels between groups 1 and 2. One in eight (12.1%) people were in this cluster, which had the highest risk of complications from kidney disease and second highest risk for eye disease.
- Mild age-related diabetes. People in this group were older when diagnosed, had higher HDL cholesterol and produced reasonable levels of insulin. One in three (35.8%) people were in this cluster.
The second and third groups had not previously been identified.
Why is this important?
The results show that some people in India have diabetes that is different from the same condition in Scandinavian people, and potentially in other populations. Two new groups have not been seen in populations outside India.
One of the new groups, the combined insulin resistant and deficient diabetes group, is at particularly high risk of complications. Usual treatments may be less effective, and these patients may need a combination of agents targeting different aspects of diabetes. They may also need more frequent screening for eye and kidney complications.
The results are likely to be relevant in the UK, where there is a large Asian Indian community.
What’s next?
The next stage is to look at how different drugs vary in the way they work between people in different sub-groups, the researchers say. They want to work out which drug is best suited to which sub-group of patients, both as a starting drug and in response to changing factors as the disease develops. They say randomised clinical trials will be needed to see how different treatments work in different groups.
Current diabetes guidelines, published by NICE in 2015, do not use the sub-groups and may need to be revised in future, if it is shown that these sub-groups require need different treatments.
The researchers also want to develop an online tool or mobile app to allow doctors to quickly classify a patient into one of the four sub-groups.
You may be interested to read
The full paper: Anjana RM, and others. Novel subgroups of type 2 diabetes and their association with microvascular outcomes in an Asian Indian population: a data-driven cluster analysis: the INSPIRED study. BMJ Open Diab Res Care. 2020;8:e001506
More information on the INSPIRED (INdia-Scotland Partnership for pRecision mEdicine in Diabetes) project
Information from the American Medical Association about different types of diabetes: Precision Medicine in Diabetes Initiative
NICE guidance: Type 2 diabetes in adults: management [NG28] (2015, last updated 2020)
Funding: This research was an INSPIRED (INdia-Scotland Partnership for pRecision mEdicine in Diabetes) project, part of the NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Global Diabetes Outcomes Research.
Conflicts of Interest: The study authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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